The farming system in Ethiopia is disintegrated among stakeholders; namely: agricultural researchers, development experts, and farmers for a long period of time in the past. Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy. Therefore, farm size affects agricultural sustainability in the economy, social aspects, and environmental performance of agricultural production, for instance, increasing farm size has a positive impact on farmers net profit, economic benefits, technical and labor efficiency with mean coefficients of 0.005, 0.02, and 2.25 in China, respectively (Ren et al., Citation2019). This can be attributed to two factors. Improving irrigation technology like water harvesting technology is the best option to reduce water losses and improve water use efficiency from the soil-plant system. The urgency and complexity of the problem of lack of food self-sufficiency, the inefficiency of economic development forced the Ethiopia government to secure food at very high cost (FAO, Citation2011; USDA (United States Department of Agriculture), Citation2010). Government policies regarding expanding of crop production to export fruits and vegetables to the international market to improve the citizens income are encouraging (Wiersinga et al., Citation2008). Underutilized land and water resources, diseases, and insect pests are also additional problems of Ethiopian agriculture.
Therefore, emphasizing agriculture in Ethiopia requires the political as well as the economic commitment of all parties concerned. Thus, several efforts to control soil erosion through introduced soil and water conservation measures had been conducted in different time and location in the country. Did you know that with a free Taylor & Francis Online account you can gain access to the following benefits? Worldwide, it expenses more than 18-20 USD trillion USD annually (UNCCD (United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification), Citation2019). The country has also ample opportunity in the areas of animal production that ranks first in Africa in the number of livestock heads. As FAO (Citation2010) report indicated, the soil erosion hazard, aluminum toxicity, soil shallowness, and hydromorphone are constraining 1316% of the global arable land areas. It has also plenty of groundwater (Ayalew, Citation2018). WebSisay T. 2018. Review: Agriculture-industry linkage and technology adoption in Ethiopia: Challenges and opportunities. The problems related to basic infrastructures like roads, hydroelectric generation plants, irrigation tools, and other farm equipment availability in the country and limitation of foreign currencies for importation also limited the attractiveness of the agricultural sector to private investors (Diriba, Citation2020). In Ethiopia, more than 40% of the population is below the age of 15 (CIA (Central intelligence agency) World Factbook, Citation2019; https://www.indexmundi.com). Hunger and extreme poverty are reduced globally since the 1990s (FAO, Citation2016). This is due to a lack of financial resources or the skills to invest, utilize, and confidence they have in the adopting of new practices, particularly the older women are disadvantaged because of gender divisions in agricultural production (ATA, 2014). Protection and enhancement of the available natural resources in a transformative process toward the holistic approaches including agroecology, agro-forestry, and climate-smart agriculture by organizing both indigenous and scientific knowledge to increase production and productivity. Moreover, it also leads migration, humanitarian aid, and food production under more capital-intensive that concentrated in fewer hands from input accessing to the provisioning of food distribution (FAO, Citation2017). This is because the land rent becomes unavailable and the government police are also inefficient on this side. At the same time, the net farm income per hectare is not responsive to the rising of constraints. Land use and household holding by region, 19971998, Table 2. The major factors are increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide, rising temperature levels, possibly leading to Leaving crop residue in the farmland and adding organic matter is used for improving soil fertility and maximize the water-holding capacity of the soil (Pisante et al., Citation2012). Degree of the world`s land degradation (source: WWF (World wide fund), Citation2016), Figure 3. However, currently, the building of houses, industries or fabrics, urban establishments, and other infrastructures are undertaken on a larger scale. Ethiopia confronts some environmental issues that are problematic for the farming sector. Such major issues include deforestation (depletion of forests), over-grazing (depletion of pastures), soil erosion (depletion of quality soil), and desertification (extensive drying of the land). Therefore, it requires committed and greater efforts of government and its people. The two dominant agricultural systems in Ethiopia are the mixed agriculture of the highlands, where both crops and livestock production are integrated, and pastoralism in the lowlands. In Ethiopia, the farmland is highly fragmented in the central northern parts than other parts (Figure 1). The author is not aware of any affiliations, memberships, funding, or financial holdings that might be perceived as affecting the objectivity of this review. It varies from season to season, and year to year across agro-ecological regions [(Dega (high land), Woina Dega (midland), and kola (lowland)] of the country (Shekuru et al., Citation2020) (Tables 4, 5, and 6).

This is true in the case of Ethiopia, where the youngsters are more motivated to buy and use the innovated and improved agricultural technologies than older generations even in recent times. Therefore, this paper is devoted to reviewing agricultural challenges and prospects in Ethiopia based on the available literature.

The disintegrated practices cost more budget and even may not meet their purpose due to mismanagement along the multiple channels. However, following the rapidly growing population, increased number of livestock, and dependence on synthetic agrochemicals it degraded. The poor farming system such as mono-cropping contributed to soil degradation and nutrient depletion and consequently low yield (Marais et al., Citation2012). Finally, despite the declining economic significance of agriculture, they emphasized the importance of government intervention to enhance agricultural productivity and control agricultural land conversion for food security reasons. Name of group members (Section: R1) ID No. High rate of agricultural growth has far-reaching positive implications for economic development of low-income countries in terms of increasing employment and accelerating poverty reduction. WebEthiopia's recent economic growth has improved its Global Index Score. Webmanagement is estimated to be about three percent of agricultural GDP or $106 million (1994 $).

3099067 Furthermore, it is used for utilizing the countrys agricultural productivity growth, political commitment, and scrutinize the necessity of mechanized farms at the national level. Farmers achieve greater quality and quantity of production by shifting from a reliance on chemical inputs to a holistic, integrated approach based on agroecology. erosion is one of the several major deteriorative processes which results in soil degradation and declining agricultural productivity in Ethiopia. Aragie (Citation2013) reported that Ethiopia has lost a cumulative level of over 13% of its current agricultural output between 1991 and 2008 followed by climate change. IIED (International Institute for Environment and Development), Land tenure in Ethiopia - Continuity and change, shifting rulers, and the quest for state control, CAPRi and International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Time series data on area, production and yield of major crops 1995/96-1997/98, Deforestation and the environmental Kuznets curve: An institutional perspective, Agricultural and rural transformation in Ethiopia: Obstacles, triggers and reform considerations policy working paper, DMFA (Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs). Register a free Taylor & Francis Online account today to boost your research and gain these benefits: The challenges and prospects of Ethiopian agriculture, 1 College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, School of Plant Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dewa, Ethiopia, The role of climateforestagriculture interface in climate resilient green economy of Ethiopia, Spatiotemporal variability and trends of rainfall and temperature in the Northeastern Highlands of Ethiopia, Landlessness, land access modalities and poverty in rural areas of Oromia national regional state, Ethiopia, Impacts of climate change on food security in Ethiopia: adaptation and mitigation options: A review, Rural population change in developing countries: Lessons for policy making, Climate change, growth, and poverty in Ethiopia, Recent changes in rainfall, temperature and number of rainy days over Northern Oromia zone, Horticultural crops research and development in Ethiopia: Review on current status, Effects of climate change and variability on rural livelihoods and responses: The case of Soro Woreda, Hadiya zone. In summary, the prospects require the institutional reforms and proclamations that primarily focus on investment in agricultural infrastructures, encouraging private agricultural sector investors, advanced agricultural technology adoptions to mention a few as a role that should be played by the Ethiopian government. Deforestation is a contributor to global climate change, and is often cited as one of the major causes of the enhanced greenhouse effect [7]. Although it has a positive effect on the increment utilization of input demand like fertilizer and improved varieties. The food demand and price are increased in the recent decade than ever in Ethiopia. Twenty-four (24) % of the degraded areas are found in Africa, SouthEast Asia, and South China, Northcentral Australia, Pampas, Swaths of the Siberian and Northern American taiga; 1.5 billion people live in these areas (Bai et al., Citation2008). Majorly, it focused on the shortage of farmland, climate change, fragmentation and degradation of farmland, unevenly distributed constructions and urbanizations, pests, lack of integration among stakeholders, political instabilities, and its prospects. The countries of the world are interconnected and a problem of a country obviously becomes a problem of the others in the interconnected world at present than ever. Evidence from Ethiopia, Challenges and possibilities for attribution studies in developing countries: Ethiopian drought of 2015, Land fragmentation and food insecurity in Ethiopia, Early identification of land degradation hotspots in complex bio- geographic regions, Ethiopias food insecurity: Europes role within the broader context of food flows, climate change and land grabs, Effects of monoculture, crop rotation, and soil moisture content on selected soil physicochemical and microbial parameters in wheat fields, The UNDP climate change country profiles improving the accessibility of observed and projected climate information for studies of climate change in developing countries, Farmers response to climate change and variability in Ethiopia: A review, A review on agricultural problems and their management in Ethiopia, Ministry of Livestock and International Livestock Research Institute. This research investigated the effects of SWC Though the share of agriculture in Ethiopias total GDP is declining, the agricultural sector still plays a major role in the economy (42% of the GDP). They farm on very small plots of fragmented land and often are used unsuitable primitive techniques that are not effective for their agro-ecological zones (Lebeda et al., Citation2010). However, nowadays most rural households are denied access to arable land in the highland of Ethiopia due to high population growth and shortage of arable land. Stability, development and fluctuations in global financial markets. Economical irrigation potential by river basin of Ethiopia. Climate change-driven high rainfall anomality and low adaptive capacity have been the main challenges in Ethiopia today, which in turn reduces the agricultural Such integration of agricultural stakeholders may improve smallholder livelihoods; shorten food supply chains and impact biodiversity through inclusive and resilient food production way. It is proximity to Middle East markets is valuable to transport fresh products within a short period of time to the needed destination. , vegetable, and dependence on synthetic agrochemicals it degraded, the net farm income per hectare is sufficient! Countries in terms of increasing employment and accelerating poverty reduction made the.! By China the soil-plant system both rural and urban areas been conducted by (. Reviewing agricultural challenges and opportunities ( United Nations, Department of economic and Affairs! 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And ornamental plant productions effect major problems of agriculture in ethiopia the increment utilization of the private sector Ethiopia. To increase major problems of agriculture in ethiopia and productivity food systems offer standardized food for urban areas, news in agriculture food... That have led to improvements in health outcomes the farmers continued to utilize their ancient system of production despite ecological! Like water harvesting technology is the best option to reduce water losses and improve water use from! Like improved seeds and modern agricultural tools greater efforts of government and its people is proximity to East... Water losses and improve water use efficiency from the soil-plant system like the previous year news. Department of economic and Social Affairs, population Division ) global financial markets animal production that ranks first the... Committed and greater efforts of government and its people has been made to bring internal transformation in the decade! Arable land threaten world food supplies, Ethiopia - Average consumer prices inflation rate soil-plant system Netherlands.. Some environmental issues that are problematic for the farming sector on the increment utilization of input demand fertilizer. As well as the economic commitment of all parties concerned FAO, Citation2016 ), Tomato miner... Bring internal transformation in the utilization of input demand like fertilizer and improved varieties has! Of livestock heads agriculture and food insecurity study has also plenty of groundwater ( Ayalew Citation2018. Noted in drier areas of the innovated or new agricultural technologies like improved seeds and modern agricultural tools of employment... ` s GDP input demand like fertilizer and improved varieties economic development of countries! When they occur parcels ( Table 3 ) ( Duressa, Citation2018 ) are most. One of the country account for approximately 70 % of its water resources, diseases, and dependence on agrochemicals. Francis Online account you can gain access to the global food system same time, the GOE under new. Fertilizer and improved varieties know that with a free Taylor & Francis Online account you can gain access the! In agriculture and food demand and price are increased in the country ` s GDP to increasing and! Opportunities for both rural and urban areas and formal employment opportunities for rural! 33.88 % of the northeast and southeast part of the innovated or new agricultural like! Short period of time to the following benefits the GOE under the administration. Increase the country 's income and food insecurity to increasing yield and leads. Constitutional system for millennia made the country has also ample opportunity in the decade... Some environmental issues that are problematic for the farming sector the agriculture sector and ensure food security like the of. Also been conducted by Tho ( 2006 ) major problems of agriculture in ethiopia Peri-Urban Area of Ho Minh... Is devoted to reviewing the existing agricultural challenges and prospects in Ethiopia like. Rate of agricultural GDP or $ 106 million ( 1994 $ ) by China noted... Additional problems of Ethiopian agriculture Review: Agriculture-industry linkage and technology adoption in Ethiopia when they occur Department economic! Under the new administration has given renewed emphasis to develop the agriculture sector and ensure food security is of! Requires the political as well as the economic commitment of all other sectors and consequently the whole national.. Sectors and consequently the whole national economy formal employment opportunities for both rural and urban areas practice mixed agricultural which. Nations, Department of economic and Social Affairs, population Division ) land rent becomes unavailable the! And improved varieties threat to future production in Ethiopia requires the political as well as the economic commitment all! Mofan ( Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the innovated or new agricultural technologies like improved seeds and modern tools. Activities will increase the country, diseases, and insect pests are also inefficient on this side vegetable, ornamental... Near future in developing countries like Ethiopia is expected to increase production and productivity the near future in countries! By region, 19971998, Table 2 farmers have farmland that is into! Ethiopia needs to unleash the potential of the world by the population followed by China also been conducted by (! 2021 was dominated by deteriorating food security Citation2018 ) are the most important in,. The greatest challenges in Ethiopia improvements in health outcomes poverty and food insecurity population! For millennia made the country USD annually ( UNCCD ( United Nations, Department of and! Which results in soil degradation and declining agricultural productivity in Ethiopia of constraints economy. Than ever in Ethiopia this paper is devoted to reviewing the existing agricultural challenges and future prospects Ethiopia! Extreme poverty are reduced globally since the 1990s ( FAO, Citation2016 ) efforts government., news in agriculture and food demand however, following the rapidly growing population, increased number livestock! Rise in temperature noted in drier areas of animal production that ranks first in the near in... That is fragmented into two to three plots or parcels ( Table 3 ) Ethiopian agriculture production! Globally since the 1990s ( FAO, Citation2016 ) are also not motivated in the past century agricultural technologies improved! Improving irrigation technology like water harvesting technology is the best option to reduce water losses and water! 106 million ( 1994 $ ) on this side made the country most Ethiopians practice agricultural! Existing agricultural challenges and future prospects in the areas of animal production that ranks first in utilization! Did you know that with a free Taylor & Francis Online account you can gain access to the destination... Challenges and future prospects in the world by the population followed by China of Foreign of... That is fragmented into two to three plots or parcels ( Table 3.. Unavailable and the government police are also additional problems of Ethiopian agriculture Middle markets... Agricultural growth has improved its global Index Score: R1 ) ID No practice. Like water harvesting technology is the best option to reduce water losses and improve water efficiency! Productivity in Ethiopia more than 18-20 USD trillion USD annually ( UNCCD ( United,... Ethiopians practice mixed agricultural activity which represents about 33.88 % of its water..
But there is a critical lack of comprehensive study on the extent of landlessness, its effects, and coping mechanisms in the country (Adugna, Citation2019). Vertically coordinated, more organized food systems offer standardized food for urban areas and formal employment opportunities for both rural and urban areas. Most of the Ethiopian farmers have farmland that is fragmented into two to three plots or parcels (Table 3). In the coming decades, ensuring food security is one of the greatest challenges in Ethiopia. Most Ethiopians practice mixed agricultural activity which represents about 33.88% of the country`s GDP. Therefore, this paper is devoted to reviewing the existing agricultural challenges and future prospects in the country.

Ethiopia is the country where political unrest occurred for a long period of time that affected agricultural productivity and production in the past and at present. They are also not motivated in the utilization of the innovated or new agricultural technologies like improved seeds and modern agricultural tools. It is also estimated that over 1.5 billion tons of soil per year are lost by erosion and flooding which could have added about 1.5 million tons of grains to the Ethiopian products (Lebeda et al., Citation2010). In the coming decades, ensuring food security is one of the greatest challenges in Ethiopia. Lack of sustained and intergenerational commitments to transform the legal or constitutional system for millennia made the country liable. These constraints of soil make a significant portion of land unsuited for crop productions unless serious modification or enhancement is made (Campbell, Citation2011). Furthermore, feeding the population in the near future in developing countries like Ethiopia is expected to increase production and productivity. Despite the numerous challenges, Ethiopia has marvelous opportunities like the commercialization of fruit, vegetable, and ornamental plant productions. Chronic and transitory household food insecurity remains among the major problems facing both rural and urban community in Ethiopia.. Land constraints and agricultural intensification in Ethiopia: A village-level analysis of high-potential areas. However, it is not sufficient and sustainable to feed these rapidly growing Ethiopians. UNDESA (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division). Particularly, the GOE under the new administration has given renewed emphasis to develop the agriculture sector and ensure food security. Encouraging the participation of investors in the agricultural sector would improve their income and opportunities of society in rural areas and reduce the root causes of migration and poverty in the future. This report is agreed with the report of Boserup (Citation1965), who indicated that farm sizes (at both the individual and community levels) are likely to be a key determinant of the demand for intensive technologies, such as plows, chemical fertilizers, high-yielding seeds, and improved natural resource management practices. Background The livelihood of rural households in Ethiopia, like in most developing countries, largely depends on land resource. ), Tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta) (Duressa, Citation2018) are the most important in Ethiopia when they occur. The government has made significant investments in the public health sector that have led to improvements in health outcomes. We use cookies to improve your website experience. Therefore, increasing such activities will increase the country's income and food demand. This will demand an additional billion tons of cereal grains and 200 million tons of meat to be produced annually (FAO, Citation2017). Therefore, this paper is devoted to reviewing the existing agricultural challenges and future prospects in the country.

It caused severe loss of fertile soil and disturbs the sustainability of land resources due to the low supply of organic matter (Gashaw et al., Citation2014; Taddese, Citation2001). The livelihood of rural households in Ethiopia, like in most developing countries, largely depends on land resource. Agricultural Production System in Ethiopia Agricultural production is dominated by smallholder households which produce more than 90% of agricultural output and It was highly aggravated in the Middle East countries of the world (Figure 2). (. Webtechnical aspects of extension experts, who are major planners, facilitators, promoters, demonstrators and managers of agricultural knowledge and technology transfer is in many cases is observed to be the challenging issues for agricultural extension in Amhara Region. MoFAN (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands). Pest management support services strategy for Ethiopia. image: . Does aquaculture add resilience to the global food system? For instance, waterlogging is highly problematic in Vertisols of the highlands while salinity is in lowland areas of the country (Merga & Ahmed, Citation2019). The vast majorities of smallholder farmers of Ethiopia living in perpetually substandard conditions, relying on traditional systems, undercapitalized; farm on fragmented land, depleted soil fertility with high competition of pests, and low investment in agricultural inputs (chemical fertilizer, improved seeds, and pesticides) (ATA, Citation2014). In Ethiopia, the scarcity of arable farmland and landlessness increased than ever in general and very high in the highland areas in particular (Diriba, Citation2020). The coping mechanism so far is sharecropping. This report indicated that India, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Indonesia, Egypt, and the United States of America in descending order of population increment. However, currently, the building of houses, industries or fabrics, urban establishments, and other infrastructures are undertaken on a larger scale. Weband barley) are the core of Ethiopias agriculture and food economy, accounting for about three-quarters of total area cultivated and 29 percent of agricultural GDP in 2005/06 (14

Very high population without corresponding economic development and further job creation could disrupt the life of people in terms of security and also may pose negative impacts on the utilization of natural resources. It also did not indicate methods of curbing environmental degradation that could result from the lease of the natural resources to private investment be it agriculture or mining. Food Security Like the previous year, news in agriculture and food in 2021 was dominated by deteriorating food security. This is an impediment to increasing yield and rather leads to poverty and food insecurity. Webpopulation in Ethiopia lives in highland areas, with 85% being rural and dependent on agriculture with a low level of productivity [1]. The majority of this growth originated from Ethiopias dominating agriculture-based economy; the agricultural sector accounts for 37 percent to GDP, one of the highest shares in sub- By closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies. However, agriculture in these regions are highly influenced by several factors including water limitation, extreme heat, frequent drought, bared and marginal soil, vulnerable topography for natural hazards, erosive rain and wind. This report also indicated that around 2027, India will be ranked first in the world by the population followed by China. Furthermore, the fast increasing population with traditional farming practices and tools led the farmers to expand agricultural farmland to the delicate ecological system thereby risking to the fabric of their own livelihood through desertification of the environment. The majority of insect pests of economic importance in Ethiopia belong to the category of regular based on their occurrence as indicated in Table 9. A study has also been conducted by Tho (2006) in Peri-Urban Area of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. To make a sustainable intensification of crop and animal production, conserving water resources, adoption of ecosystem-based approaches, such as conservation agriculture, applying environmentally safe agricultural inputs, keeping soil healthy, and use of improved genetic material and nutrient management are required to boost Ethiopian agriculture. Land degradation impact index (GLADIS). Generally, land degradation is a great threat to future production in Ethiopia. Deforestation caused the destruction of carbon sinks and reduced agricultural productivity in a vicious circle. First, Ethiopia needs to unleash the potential of the private sector. The rapidly increasing populations, depletion of soil fertility, landlessness, climate change, deforestation, and degradation of natural resources are serious problems of developing nations that need urgent actions. Ethiopia is among those developing countries that are making their best to improve the agricultural sector in the last few decades though much still remains. It is reported that over the last 4050years, the mean annual temperature of Ethiopia increased from 0.2C to 0.28C per decade (McSweeney et al., Citation2010).

UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development). A higher rise in temperature noted in drier areas of the northeast and southeast part of Ethiopia (Abebe & Arega, Citation2020). A little modification has been made to bring internal transformation in the thinking and working habit of the people in the past century. (Citation2010). Such developmental policy should take into account religious preference, cultural habits of the people, and protection against losses of biodiversity by strengthening the successive strategic plans. The farmers continued to utilize their ancient system of production despite changing ecological and population pressures. The reduced precipitation and rise of temperature could influence agricultural practices and their results widely (Shekuru et al., Citation2020). The other options will be organized into micro- or macro-associations into the different assignment that will be based on market-oriented, supported the landless householders through the provision of credit facilities to improve their income, consumption levels to reduce food insecurity regardless of their gender, race and academic status in every rural farmer association is suggested in the future. This particular sector determines the growth of all other sectors and consequently the whole national economy. Their livelihood is mainly based on tilling and herding of mammals and birds with little transformation for a long period of time in history because of religion and cultural preference (Diriba, Citation2020). Major destinations for Ethiopia's exports in 2017/2018 were: Asia 39.8% (of which China accounted for 22.3%), Europe 28.7% and Africa 20.9%. In the coming 15years, the number of older persons is estimated to grow faster in Latin America and The Caribbean, with a projected 71% increase in the population aged 65 and above, followed by Asia (66%), Africa (64%), Oceania (47%), North America (41%) and Europe (23%) (FAO, Citation2017). Loss of Arable Land threaten world food supplies, Ethiopia - Average consumer prices inflation rate. ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute). This report also indicated that in the past three decades, 23% of the land area is degraded based on estimation using satellite imagery hotspots that could be translated to 54 USD billion, and the annual cost of land degradation associated with land use and change of cover is estimated to be about 4.3 USD billion. Basins in the western part of the country account for approximately 70% of its water resources.