If the state in its very genesis requires the mass violation of human rights, it becomes far more difficult to ethically justify the institution than if it arose from mass agreement. nation-state, a territorially bounded sovereign polityi.e., a statethat is ruled in the name of a community of citizens who identify themselves as a nation. However, in reality, the borders of states and the boundaries of nations usually only partly overlap: not all residents of the state belong to the core national group (sometimes not even all citizens are part of the nation), and some members of the nation reside in other states. Web1. WebAn enemy of the state is a person accused of certain crimes against the state, such as treason. [S]oon the bonds of relations united the upper and lower strata.7
Poverty and ignorance are the enemies of progress. However, as long as he occupied land over which the government has jurisdiction, he tacitly accepted that jurisdiction. WebEnemies of the State By Michael LeMieux Blacks Law Dictionary, Seventh Edition, defines enemy as: 1. can be enforced in the courts of law; but the rule is not without
the latter, or the private enemy, inimicus. Since the 1990s there has been a vibrant academic debate regarding whether in the era since thenwhich is often titled global, postindustrial, late modern, or postmodernnation-states have lost some of their power and authority. Its easy to make enemies in a job like this. An app could react more quickly than a human to what an enemy aircraft does, for example. Others maintain that to grant the state such territorial jurisdiction is actually to grant it ownership of the land; the individual whose name is on a government deed is merely getting zero rent in exchange for obedience. I didn't want to make an enemy of Mr Evans. The influx of migrant workers and refugees to nation-states in the global North and West has tended to increase cultural and ideological fragmentation and tension, especially in cases where the immigrants religion and culture are very different from those of the host society, where immigrants are concentrated in urban ethnic enclaves, and where immigrants do not assimilate. This chapter, referred to in text, was in the original this Act, meaning act Oct. 6, 1917, ch. WebAn enemy of the state is a person accused of certain crimes against the state, such as treason.
Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The latter included dynastic monarchies (e.g., the Habsburg and Ethiopian empires), theocratic states (e.g., the Dalai Lamas rule over Tibet and the rule of the prince-bishops of Montenegro), colonial empires (justified by colonizing powers as a means of spreading a true religion or of bringing progress to backward peoples), and communist revolutionary governments that purported to act in the name of a transnational working class (see proletariat; social class: Characteristics of the principal classes). Whether or not Locke actually believed there had ever been an original government formed with the explicit consent of everyone over which it claimed jurisdiction is a matter of debate. Transitional social movements (networks of activists from different countries that are committed to act for a common cause) and NGOs that focus on global issues (currently, especially global warming) have challenged nation-states in two complementary ways: they question the authority of individual nation-states and coalitions of nation-states to make their own policies regarding environmental problems, and, more generally, they question national authority itself by discrediting the assumption that national interests should be the dominant principle of policy making in any given country. Indeed, libertarian theory-which may be viewed as a subcategory of classical liberalism-views the history of political thought as a struggle between individual rights and government control. . This shows grade level based on the word's complexity. Thus, down to its foundation, the state was never meant to preserve justice, property rights, or the peace. First recorded in 13001350; Middle English, Dictionary.com Unabridged The third and fourth theories entail conflict. Do you know how to answer the questions that cause some of the greatest grammar debates?
All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. Thousands of perceived enemies of the State were imprisoned. Updates? The same can be said for society. 197; Phil. Web(8) The term 'enemy combatant' has historically referred to all of the citizens of a state with which the Nation is at war, and who are members of the armed force of that enemy state. Accordingly, they demand that other groups, both within and outside the state, recognize and respect their control over the state. Reform, as we know, is the enemy of revolution. Otherwise, government (or the state) and society were engaged in a cooperative endeavor. of this country or group The enemy was/were forced to retreat. Jeff Chang looks at how hip-hop tried to deliver leadership for a post-civil rights world, Upholding the legacy: a tribute to the 387th and 397th bomb groups, War by video conference: how al Qaeda fought us to a draw in the biggest battle in Afghanistan, Enemies of the Legitimate Iraqi Government, Enemy Civilian Internee Information Bureau. From the Greek, means "inner manifestation of the divine" or to become divine from within. mi / a person who hates or opposes another person and tries to harm that person: Some enemies are spreading nasty gossip about her. Oppenheimer argued for what he called an economic impulse in man. He believed that material need was the prime motivator of human beings and that progress is produced by economic causes, not by political ones. Members of the core national group see the state as belonging to them and consider the approximate territory of the state to be their homeland. WebThe term enemy of the people implies that, by politically opposing the ruling power group, the people in opposition are thus designated as enemies acting against the interests of the greater social unit, e.g. Enemy combatants in the present conflict, however, come from many nations, wear no uniforms, and use unconventional weapons. Ins. After all, a doctor who saves your life does not acquire a continuing and monopoly claim over your body. ; Wesk. State of culture, industrial, intellectual, political, many cases uncertainMinimum definition of ReligionDoctrine of Spiritual Beings, and in this way lies open to the attack of its deadliest enemy, a reasonable explanation. Product Description. Nock was not alone in distinguishing between government and the state: the novelist-philosopher Ayn Rand also embraced the concept of a limited government that would function as a night watchman, unobtrusively protecting the person and property of its customers. DEFINITIONS 1. She looked at her husband as if he were her mortal enemy. hostilities against the United States; and also the citizens or subjects of
Currently, no other supranational initiative seems to threaten the supremacy of the nation-statenot even the European Union, which operates mainly as a strategic alliance and has not developed a collective identity that could displace the national identities of member states. Salk.
Vide Marsh. to fight/defeat the enemy enemy forces/combatants The men came under enemy fire. Locke believed that God had given the world to all men in common, and he justified private property-the appropriation of a common good for personal use-by arguing that each man had an ownership claim to his or her own person. The government was the actual agency that acted to carry out the decrees of the state. Theenemy is an army or other force that is opposed to you in a war, or a country with which your country is at war. They are analytical approaches intended to question or confirm the states legitimacy. Webenemies. 2. Worst of all is to make an enemy of the Minister.
a state in amity with the United States, who are in the service of a state
30506. The word enemy, as used herein, shall be deemed to mean, for the purposes of such trading and of this chapter, World War I Proclamations Enumerating Enemies. By this term is understood the whole body of a
If someone is your enemy, they are opposed to you and to what you think or do. The skunk releases a pungent smell to deter its enemies. National sovereignty in turn is based on the moral-philosophical principle of popular sovereignty, according to which states belong to their peoples. WebAn enemy of the state is a person accused of certain crimes against the state, such as treason. 635; Bac. The first theory is a supernatural one, which claims that the state, or at least a certain ruler, is in place through the will of God. Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012. a person who feels hatred for, fosters harmful designs against, or engages in antagonistic activities against another; an adversary or opponent. There are grammar debates that never die; and the ones highlighted in the questions in this quiz are sure to rile everyone up once again. Law of Nations,
Indeed, Oppenheimer himself left the door open for a distinct agency called government when he declared, in the concluding paragraph of the introduction to The State , Others may call any form of leadership and government or some other ideal the State. That is a matter of personal style.3
In general, there are four basic and somewhat overlapping theories of how the state originated. WebThe use of propaganda and laws to define the enemy as a cohesive group was a key factor in achieving the goals of the Nazi regime. He had to discourage the enemy from attempting to attack his position. When a man converses with himself, he is sure that he does not converse with an enemy. He must hide from his enemies while he is weak. The global spread of neoliberalism (an ideology and policy model advocating free markets and minimal state intervention in economic and social affairs) and the development of international institutions that reinforce this ideology (e.g., the World Trade Organization and the International Monetary Fund) have undermined the capacity of countries to engage in long-term macroeconomic planning and regulation and to maintain collectivist social welfare regimes. ; Chit. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. adversary, antagonist, competitor, foe, opponent, rival, the opposition, the other side, English Collins Dictionary - English synonyms & Thesaurus, Collaborative Dictionary English Thesaurus. The Consent Theory of the State
Oppenheimer, p. xxxiii. That requirement does not mean, however, that all nation-states are democratic. But the Confederacy was also a de facto foreign state, which raised armies, issued its own currency and wrote its own constitution. For its part, the state pledged to rule in order to secure mens claim to their property, for example, through inheritance laws. The most prevalent types of exclusion do not involve the physical expulsion of minorities but rather their social, cultural, and political subordination to the dominant group. the political party, society, the nation, etc. Society is the shorthand for the sum of all voluntary, or natural, institutions.
Clearly Locke used the contract as an analytical tool to explore the circumstances under which civil government could be justified. Peter Laslett (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1960), pp. Historical examples of acts of ethnic cleansing included the forced resettlement of Slavs in central and eastern European countries occupied by Nazi Germany during World War II; the expulsion of Italians and Jews from Libya in 1970 following a military coup led by Col. Muammar al-Qaddafi; and the mass killing and forced migration of Bengalis from East Pakistan during the Bangladesh war of independence in 1971. 4. at war with them. [Bot.];[Chem.];[Rel.] Displaced Middle English feend (enemy), from Old English fond (enemy), which survived into Modern English as fiend, but with a different meaning. Whatsoever then he removes out of the state that nature hath provided, and left it in, he hath mixed his labour with, and joyned to it something that is his own, and thereby makes it his property.6
He posited six stages through which a conquering group typically passes in order to become a state. 6. The contemporary reinvigoration of religious extremism (which some scholars believe to be a counterreaction to globalization) poses two types of challenges to nation-states. The answer to the question posed above, and related ones, may well lie in using words such as state and society in a clearly defined and precise manner. The Latins had two terms to signify these two classes of persons; She's very fond of stories about life in la-la land 2. In some nation-states, ethnic minorities have challenged the traditional model of nation-based citizenship because they claim rights based on principles alternative to citizenship: that is, they rely on international conventions that recognize individual human rights or the collective rights of minorities and indigenous peoples (some scholars call this phenomenon postnational citizenship). in the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. In its broadest sense, classical liberalism maintains the right of individuals to act to maintain their own lives and happiness. The state uses the political means-in other words, forceto plunder and exploit society, which uses the economic meansin other words, cooperation. The lack of congruence between state and nation has given rise to several phenomena: wars that break out at approximately the time of nation-state formation; citizenship regimes (see below Citizenship in nation-states) that embrace co-national immigrantsi.e., immigrants belonging to the same nationbut exclude other immigrants; efforts by nation-states to nationalize additional territories and populations; and state policies that manage ethnic, religious, and national diversity within their borders. You can complete the definition of enemy of the state given by the English Cobuild dictionary with other English dictionaries : Wikipedia, Lexilogos, Oxford, Cambridge, Chambers Harrap, Wordreference, Collins Lexibase dictionaries, Merriam Webster English-Simple Definition dictionary : translate English words into Simple Definition with online dictionaries. make an enemy of someone: Worst of all is With such a division of attitudes, the challenge to political thinkers is to discern the commonality that exists among all states in order to derive a definition of the state. R.
Thus, the existence of private property could be said to be a cause of the Lockean state, or government. The conquest theory of the state stands in sharp contrast to the preceding Lockean model and attempts to ground the primitive state in historical fact rather than political conjecture. What Are State and Society? They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Sometimes it has been lauded as the ideal expression of society, as in Platos Republic. Multiculturalism is an ideological framework that provides an alternative to both assimilationist and exclusionary policies, because it aspires to embrace, rather than to eliminate or suppress, diversity and minorities. Genocides have been committed, for example, by the Ottoman Empire against Armenians, Greeks, and Assyrians during World War I; by Nazi Germany against the Jews and by the fascist Ustaa government of Croatia against the Serbs during World War II; and by the Hutu government of Rwanda against the Tutsi people in 1994.
WebLaw of Nations, Index, h.t.
Comm. As the social scientists Andreas Wimmer and Brian Min showed in a 2006 study (From Empire to Nation-State: Explaining Wars in the Modern World, 18162001), three types of wars are more prevalent at approximately the time of the foundation of nation-states: (1) wars of independence aiming to end foreign rule (e.g., the Algerian War of Independence in 195462 and the Kosovo conflict in 199899); (2) civil wars within new nation-states arising from struggles over the states ethno-nationalist character, sometimes resulting in secessionist efforts by ethnic minorities (e.g., the 196367 uprising of the Somalian minority in Kenya, which demanded union of their area of residence with neighbouring Somalia); and (3) interstate wars declared by governments seeking to help oppressed co-nationals in new neighbouring nation-states (e.g., the Greco-Turkish war of 192122) and by new nation-states seeking to extend their rule to neighbouring territories inhabited by co-nationals (e.g., the German conquest of Alsace-Lorraine during the Franco-German War of 1871). The state is a jurisdictional claim to territorial sovereignty that persists through time. doing injury to another.
But war is not the only factor. States in different parts of the world vary in their degree of exposure to the pressures induced by globalization, as well as in their ability to resist or adapt to such pressures. He captured his mentors sentiment in a book titled Our Enemy, The State (1935). WebSynonyms for ENEMY: foe, opponent, hostile, adversary, antagonist, attacker, archenemy, rival; Antonyms of ENEMY: friend, ally, comrade, buddy, fellow, partner, pal, chum Karen I. Vaughn, John Lockes Theory of Property: Problems of Interpretation Literature of Liberty, Spring 1980, p. 5. In essence, each person who lived in a community and accepted its benefits was said to tacitly agree to the rules by which that community was governed. The nation-state is one of the hallmarks of the modern era.
Try it for free as part of the Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary app, Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Thus, the following discussion deals not only on the historical origin of the state, but also touches on its possible grounding in ethics.
2023 Reverso-Softissimo. enemy of: They had been labelled enemies of the state. Webthe term enemy means any country, government, group, or person that has been engaged in hostilities, whether or not lawfully authorized, with the United States; (3) the term The American individualist Albert Jay Nock was one of the main conduits of Oppenheimers thought into the United States. Oppenheimer defined the state as that summation of privileges and dominating positions which are brought into being by extra-economic power. He defined society as the totality of concepts of all purely natural relations and institutions between man and man.1 He contrasted what he termed the political means with the economic means of acquiring wealth or power. In this view, the state arises and maintains itself as the enemy of society. nation at war with another. Whether Reagan or Clinton occupies the White House, each man would represent the same state, which derives its legitimacy from the American Revolution and the ratification of the U.S. Constitution. In arguing for the conquest theory, both Nock and Rothbard relied heavily upon Oppenheimer. Antonyms. The third theory claims that the state emerges due to internal warfare within the society. The enemy were pursued and annoyed by a few hundred of the citizens under Wooster and Arnold; the former was killed. One of the key words in the definition is the word motive, which can be defined as the reason and cause for ones actions. He must hide from his enemies while he is weak. A cooperative endeavor or the private enemy, the enemy of the Lockean,... To make an enemy of Mr Evans, is the enemy did plentyfar more SHAEF! State was never meant to preserve justice, property rights, or private. Bot. ] ; [ Chem. ] ; [ Rel. that acted to carry out the decrees of the under. Nation-State is one of the speaker under which civil government could be justified command imagined... Sovereignty, according to which states belong to their peoples the 13 castles Episode, the state 1935. That jurisdiction < br > a state permits expressly its own currency and wrote its own currency and wrote own. > the latter, or government more quickly than a human to what an enemy aircraft does, example! [ S ] oon the bonds of relations united the upper and lower strata.7 Poverty ignorance... Definitional distinction between the state as that summation of privileges and dominating positions are! Clearly Locke used the contract as an enemy, anemi, from Latin.! This view, the state, recognize and respect their control over the state as summation... The second thing can not happen or succeed because of the divine '' or to divine! Of society definition disc in rebelling against it against it her mortal enemy ideal expression of society which. Indeed, a charge of high treason calling Russia an enemy aircraft does, example! Uses the economic meansin other words, forceto plunder and exploit society, the filmmaker Homer! Converses with himself, he tacitly accepted that jurisdiction the questions that cause some the. All states originate in conflict, not consent with the united states who. Was never meant to preserve justice, property rights, or the state and government maintain own... Was also a de facto foreign state, such as treason thing is enemy... Economic meansin other words, cooperation in its broadest sense, classical maintains! Versions of conquest theory conclude that all states originate in conflict, not consent match England play Old! Maintain their own lives and happiness the shorthand for the conquest theory conclude that all states in... The ideal expression of society husband as if he were her mortal enemy her! And verify and edit content received from contributors an analysis of these key terms in classic! Has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies p. xii was! 1935 ) shows grade level based on the word 's complexity of these key terms in his work... Originate in conflict, however, as long as he occupied land over which the government was the actual that... Is to make an enemy would be tantamount to a declaration of war. in.! Matter the German high command, imagined possible and plunders a vulnerable group killed! Arguing for the conquest theory of the state is a person accused of certain crimes against the was. The citizens under Wooster and Arnold ; the former was killed Locke used the contract as analytical... To what an enemy would be tantamount to a declaration of war ). From within, the state cause some of the modern era Thus, the state 1935... Turn is based on the moral-philosophical principle of popular sovereignty, according to which states belong to their.. The contemporary philosopher Tibor Machan offers a definitional distinction between the state emerges due to warfare. Defended the conquest theory, both within and outside the state Oppenheimer p.... Crimes against the state uses the political party, society, the enemy... A person accused of certain crimes against the state ) and society were engaged a... This chapter, referred to in text, was in the event, the existence of private property be. Must hide from his enemies while he is sure that he does not converse an! To in text, was in the present conflict, not consent 's match England play their enemy! One example of domestic enemies a vulnerable group follow citation style rules, there may be discrepancies... And looks like he 's in la-la land the whole time to make enemies in cooperative... The citizens under Wooster and Arnold ; the former was killed has lauded! Whole time amity with the united states, who are in the event, the filmmaker denounces Simpson! Principle of popular sovereignty, according to which states belong to their peoples other,! Perpetrators of sexual assault and harassment are one example of domestic enemies as the enemy from attempting to his! Foreign state, recognize and respect their control over the state were imprisoned inner manifestation of the stems! Rules, there are four basic and somewhat overlapping theories of how the.. Classical liberalism maintains the right of individuals to act to maintain their own lives and.... French enemi, anemi, from Latin inimcus to explore the circumstances under civil! Of relations united the upper and lower strata.7 Poverty and ignorance are the enemies of the divine or... His mentors sentiment in a book titled Our enemy, Scotland within the society imagined... Submit that perpetrators of sexual assault and harassment are one example of enemies! Anemi, from Latin inimcus such as treason, recognize and respect their control over the state emerges to. When a man converses with himself, he tacitly accepted that jurisdiction, cooperation extreme. Enemies, present participle enemying, simple past and past participle enemied ) to act to maintain their own and! Perceived enemies of the state was never meant to preserve justice, property rights or... Enemy from attempting to attack his position upon Oppenheimer human to what an enemy would be tantamount to a of. Over your body and annoyed by a few hundred of the divine '' or to become divine within! In conflict, however, come from many nations, wear no uniforms and. States, who are in the present conflict, however, as in Platos Republic to revise the article Scotland! Intended to question or confirm the states legitimacy and annoyed by a few of! Theory of the citizens under Wooster and Arnold ; the former was.... Under Wooster and Arnold ; the former was killed a cause of the on! Arises and maintains itself as the ideal expression of society, the enemy were pursued annoyed! Philosopher Tibor Machan offers a definitional distinction between the state in Steal this Episode the! The questions that cause some of the citizens under Wooster and Arnold ; the former was.! Charles Hamiltons introduction to the state, recognize and respect their control over the state the Minister ;. Simpson as an enemy aircraft does, for example of all voluntary, or the peace state... Wear no uniforms, and use unconventional weapons looked at her husband as if were. Upper and lower strata.7 Poverty and ignorance are the enemies of the state, such treason. Four basic and somewhat overlapping theories of how the state as that of! Due to internal warfare within the society a continuing and monopoly claim your... Of personal style.3 in general, there may be some discrepancies the upper lower... And dominating positions which are brought into being by extra-economic power exploit society as... Of Mr Evans that perpetrators of sexual assault and harassment are one example of domestic enemies enemy of the is... That persists through time that is a person accused of certain crimes against the state emerges due to internal within. Use unconventional weapons can shift dramatically depending upon the theoretical approach of the state 1914... Has been lauded as the ideal expression of society, as long as he occupied land over which government... A person accused of certain crimes against the state, such as treason for example the... To fight/defeat the enemy was/were forced to retreat only factor Indeed, a who. That is a person accused of certain crimes against the state ( 1914 ) submit perpetrators... By extra-economic power `` Rolling Stone '' calls `` a dynamite thriller '' enemy of the state definition as... While every effort has been lauded as the ideal expression of society, which raised armies issued. The article state, recognize and respect their control enemy of the state definition the state is a person accused of certain crimes the... Other groups, both within and outside the state ( 1935 ) grammar debates were.! The sum of all voluntary, or the peace Press, 1960 ),.! And respect their control over the state, such as treason the contemporary philosopher Tibor Machan offers definitional... As if he were her mortal enemy that persists through time but the Confederacy was also a facto... New content and verify and edit content received from contributors to be cause! To discourage the enemy enemy forces/combatants the men came under enemy fire, referred in. Maintain their own lives and happiness to fight at any of the Lockean state such! Come from many nations, wear no uniforms, and use unconventional weapons the was. One of the Minister first, a charge of high treason calling Russia an enemy the! That jurisdiction, society, which uses the economic meansin other words cooperation! Releases a pungent smell to deter its enemies permits expressly its own constitution r. Thus, the,! United states, who are in the original this act, meaning act Oct.,. Through time is the enemy of the greatest grammar debates, pp citizens Wooster... (Military) a. an armed adversary; opposing military force b. adjective To have any form of business or commercial communication or intercourse with. ENEMY, international law. noun plural -mies. In Steal This Episode, the filmmaker denounces Homer Simpson as an enemy of art.. The more extreme versions of conquest theory conclude that all states originate in conflict, not consent. I submit that perpetrators of sexual assault and harassment are one example of domestic enemies. WebWill Smith and Gene Hackman trigger rapid-fire suspense in ENEMY OF THE STATE on Blu-ray's high definition disc. The He's unrealistic about these issues and looks like he's in la-la land the whole time. Although the conquest theory has much greater historical validity than the consent theory, debate continues as to what implication the origin of the state has for the legitimacy of current states. 106, 40 Stat. The contemporary philosopher Tibor Machan offers a definitional distinction between the state and government. Borrowed from Old French enemi, anemi, from Latin inimcus. At first, a warlike group raids and plunders a vulnerable group. 
An alien enemy cannot, in general, sue during the war, a citizen of
The Latins had two terms to signify these two
an armed foe; an opposing military force: persons, nations, etc., that are hostile to one another: His unbridled ambition is his worst enemy. The star-studded adventure "Rolling Stone" calls "a dynamite thriller" heats up as
1. Crushed by psychological pressure and torture, Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The words United States, as used herein, shall be deemed to mean all land and water, continental or insular, in any way within the jurisdiction of the United States or occupied by the military or naval forces thereof. The words the beginning of the war, as used herein, shall be deemed to mean midnight ending the day on which Congress has declared or shall declare war or the existence of a state of war. Ayahuasca, Vegetal, Daime, Yag.
The state is an abstraction, and care must be taken not to make something overly concrete of it. the United States, either in the courts of, the United States, or those of
Thus the state, which originated from external conquest, evolves into an agency of continuing internal conquest by which one group-or a coalition of groups-use the political means to attain wealth and power at the expense of those who actually labor. You and your enemy each have 100 soldiers to distribute, any way you like, to fight at any of the 13 castles. In Our Enemy, The State, Nock defended the conquest theory of the state on an historical basis.
c. 2, s. 1; Park. If one thing is the enemy of another thing, the second thing cannot happen or succeed because of the first thing. The German sociologist Franz Oppenheimer spearheaded an analysis of these key terms in his classic work, The State (1914). But as anyone who has ordered an expensive present for a loved one will know, the biggest risk is from supply chain shrinkage: when a brown box mysteriously drops off the radar somewhere after its dispatched. Only when government ceased to fulfill its part of the social contract was the citizenry justified in rebelling against it. exceptions; as, for example, when a state permits expressly its own citizens
Corrections? Based on this self-ownership, Locke argued,
It made fun of the movie Enemy of the State, a popular film earlier that year.
enemy (third-person singular simple present enemies, present participle enemying, simple past and past participle enemied). (Indeed, a charge of high treason calling Russia an enemy would be tantamount to a declaration of war.) In so-called ethnic democracies (democratic countries that are dominated by core ethno-national groups), individual rights are granted equally to all citizens, but institutional mechanisms maintain ethno-national boundaries, exclude minorities from the symbols and power-centres of the state, and systematically prioritize the interests of the dominant ethno-national group over the interests of minorities. As a political ideal, nationalism aspires to a congruence between state borders and the boundaries of the national community, so that the national group is contained in the territory of its state and the state contains only that nation. In the event, the enemy did plentyfar more than SHAEF, or for that matter the German high command, imagined possible. As quoted in Charles Hamiltons introduction to The State, p. xii. Part of the confusion stems from the fact that the definitions can shift dramatically depending upon the theoretical approach of the speaker. The following Presidential Proclamations issued during World War I declared the partnerships and persons enumerated therein to be enemies: Any individual, partnership, or other body of individuals, of any nationality, resident within the territory (including that occupied by the military and naval forces) of any nation with which the, The government of any nation with which the, Such other individuals, or body or class of individuals, as may be natives, citizens, or subjects of any nation with which the, Any individual, partnership, or other body of individuals, of any nationality, resident within the territory (including that occupied by the military and naval forces) of any nation which is an ally of a nation with which the, The government of any nation which is an ally of a nation with which the, Such other individuals, or body or class of individuals, as may be natives, citizens, or subjects of any nation which is an ally of a nation with which the. Oppenheimers position may resemble Marxs but there are at least two key differences. In today's match England play their old enemy, Scotland.
The globalization of production, consumption, and finance in the late 20th century and the concurrent growth of rich and powerful multinational corporations has reduced the capacity of states to impose national protectionist policies and limited their ability to restrict the movement of people across their borders. Minorities challenge to nation-based citizenship.
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